History of the papacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. According to Catholic doctrine, popes are successors to Saint Peter. The history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church, according to Catholic doctrine, spans from the time of Peter to the present day. During the Early Church, the bishops of Rome enjoyed no temporal poweruntil the time of Constantine. After the fall of Rome (the .
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Over time, the papacy consolidated its territorial claims to a portion of the peninsula known as the Papal States. Thereafter, the role of neighboring sovereigns was replaced by powerful Roman families during the saeculum obscurum, the Crescentii era, and the Tusculan Papacy. From 1. 04. 8 to 1.
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Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire. The latter culminated in the East. The return of the popes to Rome after the Avignon Papacy was followed by the Western Schism: the division of the western church between two and, for a time, three competing papal claimants. The Renaissance Papacy is known for its artistic and architectural patronage, forays into European power politics, and theological challenges to papal authority. After the start of the Protestant Reformation, the Reformation Papacy and Baroque Papacy led the Catholic Church through the Counter- Reformation. The popes during the Age of Revolution witnessed the largest expropriation of wealth in the church's history, during the French Revolution and those that followed throughout Europe.
The Roman Question, arising from Italian unification, resulted in the loss of the Papal States and the creation of Vatican City. During the Roman Empire (until 4. The same Protestants said that Rome's prominence may be seen as only moral, not ecclesiastical, and that emergence of the Roman pontiff to supreme power and prominence happened by natural circumstance rather than divine appointment. Several suffered martyrdom along with members of their flock in periods of persecution. Most of them engaged in intense theological arguments with other bishops. From Constantine (3.
The following year, Constantine and Licinius proclaimed the toleration of Christianity with the Edict of Milan, and in 3. Constantine convened and presided over the First Council of Nicaea, the first ecumenical council. None of this, however, has particularly much to do with the pope, who did not even attend the Council; in fact, the first bishop of Rome to be contemporaneously referred to as .
The legend of the Donation claims that Constantine offered his crown to Sylvester I (3. In reality, Constantine was baptized (nearing his death in May 3. Eusebius of Nicomedia, an Arian bishop, unlike the pope.
Peter's Basilica (the . Peter's was begun between 3. Middle Ages (4. 93.
The papal election of March 4. Western Roman emperor.
The papacy was strongly influenced by the Ostrogothic Kingdom, if the pope was not outright appointed by the Ostrogothic King. The selection and administration of popes during this period was strongly influenced by Theodoric the Great and his successors Athalaric and Theodahad. This period terminated with Justinian I's (re)conquest of Rome during the Gothic War, inaugurating the Byzantine Papacy (5.
The subsequent triumph of Pope Symmachus (4. He remained as neutral as possible towards the pope, though he exercised a preponderant influence in the affairs of the papacy. Justinian I conquered the Italian peninsula in the Gothic War (5. Greek speakers from Greece, Syria, and Byzantine Sicily replaced members of the powerful Roman nobles in the papal chair during this period. Rome under the Greek popes constituted a .
Within the exarchate, the two chief districts were the country about Ravenna where the exarch was the centre of Byzantine opposition to the Lombards, and the Duchy of Rome, which embraced the lands of Latium north of the Tiber and of Campania to the south as far as the Garigliano. There the pope himself was the soul of the opposition. The pains were taken, as long as possible, to retain control of the intervening districts and with them communication over the Apennine mountains.
In 7. 28, the Lombard King Liutprand took the Castle of Sutri, on the road to Perugia, but restored it to Pope Gregory II . The popes continued to acknowledge the imperial Government. In 7. 38, the Lombard duke Transamund of Spoleto captured the Castle of Gallese, which protected the road to Perugia.
By a large payment, Pope Gregory III induced the duke to restore the castle to him. Frankish influence (7. In response to this threat, Pope Stephen II made an unusual journey north of the Alps to visit the Frankish king, Pepin III, to seek his help against the invading Lombards. The pope anointed Pepin at the abbey of St Denis, near Paris, together with Pepin's two young sons Charles and Carloman. Pepin duly invaded northern Italy in 7. Pepin was able to drive the Lombards from the territory belonging to Ravenna but he did not restore it to its rightful owner, the Byzantine emperor. Instead, he handed over large areas of central Italy to the pope and his successors.
The land given to pope Stephen in 7. Donation of Pepin, made the papacy a temporal power and for the first time created an incentive for secular leaders to interfere with papal succession. This territory would become the basis for the Papal States, over which the popes ruled until the Papal States were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Italy in 1. For the next eleven centuries, the story of Rome would be almost synonymous with the story of the papacy.
The Lombard kingdom reached its height in the 7th and 8th century. Paganism and Arianism were at first prevalent among the Lombards but were gradually supplanted by Catholicism. Roman culture and Latin speech were gradually adopted and the Catholic bishops emerged as chief magistrates in the cities. Lombard law combined Germanic and Roman traditions.
After Aistulf's death, King Desiderius renewed the attack on Rome. In 7. 72, Pope Adrian I enlisted the support of Charlemagne, Pepin's successor, who intervened, and, after defeating the Lombards, added their kingdom to his own. After being physically attacked by his enemies in the streets of Rome, Pope Leo III made his way in 7.
Alps to visit Charlemagne at Paderborn. It is not known what was agreed between the two, but Charlemagne traveled to Rome in 8. In a ceremony in St Peter's Basilica, on Christmas Day, Leo was supposed to anoint Charlemagne's son as his heir. But unexpectedly (it is maintained), as Charlemagne rose from prayer, the pope placed a crown on his head and acclaimed him emperor. It is reported that Charlemagne expressed displeasure but nevertheless accepted the honour.
The displeasure was probably diplomatic, for the legal emperor was supposed to be seated in Constantinople. Nevertheless, this public alliance between the pope and the ruler of a confederation of Germanic tribes was a reflection of the reality of political power in the west. This coronation launched the concept of the new Holy Roman Empire which would play an important role throughout the Middle Ages. The Holy Roman Empire became formally established only in the next century. But the concept is implicit in the title adopted by Charlemagne in 8.
Charles, most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman empire.'Influence of powerful Roman families (9. Italy became a constituent kingdom of the Holy Roman Empire in 9. German. As emperors consolidated their position, northern Italian city- states would become divided by Guelphs and Ghibellines.
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor found three rival popes when he visited Rome in 1. Pope Benedict IX.
He deposed all three and installed his own preferred candidate: Pope Clement II. The history of the papacy from 1. Holy Roman Emperor, most prominently the Investiture Controversy, a dispute over who. Henry IV's Walk to Canossa in 1. Pope Gregory VII (1. Although the emperor renounced any right to lay investiture in the Concordat of Worms (1. Long- standing divisions between East and West also came to a head in the East.
The first seven Ecumenical Councils had been attended by both Western and Eastern prelates, but growing doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political and geographic differences finally resulted in mutual denunciations and excommunications. Pope Nicholas II promulgated In nomine Domini in 1. College of Cardinals. The rules and procedures of papal elections evolved during this period, laying the groundwork for the modern papal conclave.
The driving force behind these reforms was Cardinal Hildebrand, who later became Gregory VII. The wandering popes (1. Political instability in thirteenth- century Italy forced the papal court to move to several different locations.
Destinations included Viterbo, Orvieto, and Perugia. The popes brought the Roman Curia with them, and the College of Cardinals met in the city where the last pope had died to hold papal elections. Host cities enjoyed a boost to their prestige and certain economic advantages, but the municipal authorities risked being subsumed into the administration of the Papal States if they allowed the pope to overstay his welcome.
According to Eamon Duffy, . Innocent IV was exiled from Rome and even Italy for six years, and all but two of the papal elections of the thirteenth century had to take place outside Rome. The skyline of Rome itself was now dominated by the fortified war- towers of the aristocracy (a hundred were built in Innocent IV's pontificate alone) and the popes increasingly spent their time in the papal palaces at Viterbo and Orvieto. In 1. 37. 8, Gregory XI moved the papal residence back to Rome and died there. Western Schism (1. Back in Rome some degree of tension between French and Italian factions was inevitable. This tension was brought to a head by the death of the French pope Gregory XI within a year of his return to Rome.
The Roman crowd, said to be in threatening mood, demanded a Roman pope or at least an Italian one.