Our Book module lets Lightroom users make a.
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How to make folded book art easier using your computer. OPTION 1: Install php, imagemagick and the script (suggested for Linux users and experienced Windows users)PHPMy script is written in PHP. This is because I am learning PHP - which is usually more widely used for programming web sites. So you will need to install PHP in order to run it on your computer - not just any PHP, but the Command Line Interface version for your operating system, because my script runs in the terminal (this way, it can interactively ask questions).
For my system (Linux Mint), the package I had to install is called . The name of the package will be similar for all Linux distributions.
For Windows systems, the program is available from here , but you will have to find out on your own how to install and use it, because I cannot try this out. I guess you might also need a terminal, also called shell or console, for your Windows installation to be able to call the script. For Mac OS/X look for help on http: //www. A decent file manager (for example Krusader) and some picture editing software (like Gimp and/or Inkscape) will also be useful - not only for this project ; -). As the script also uses image manipulating software to resize a picture, you will also need that image manipulating software, which is called . That's also the name of the package you will need to install on Linux distributions. On imagemagick. org the software installation files for Windows and Mac OS/X are also available.
Making a paper bag book cover can be a fun and creative craft to do with kids. Here, see step-by-step instructions for how to make a paper bag book cover. Skip navigation Upload. How to make folded book art easier using your computer.
My script. After all, you will also need the script. I don't claim that it is a masterpiece of software, but it works as intended. You can find it on github in my repository. You can either download and unpack the whole repository, or only copy and paste this php script (Linux version) or this php script (Windows version) into a text file on your computer (I mean a real textfile generated with any editor, not with your Office.
Suite). If you copy- paste, you need to name the file. Call it 'Book. Art. Generator. php'. You can now look into the script to see what it does if you like. You can also change and improve things if you like. You can make your own versions of the script - it's free and open source software! You may even sell it - or products made with it, as long as you publish the source code for your modified script.
OPTION 2: Install virtualbox and 7zip, import Virtual Machine (suggested for the less experienced Windows users)Above, you can see a screenshot of the Virtual Machine I prepared for you. Virtualbox. Download the software Virtual. Box from Virtual.
Box. org . This software will allow you to simulate another computer with another operating system on your computer. It's easy to use, ready for even professional use and a very, very useful thing. It is also cost- free and open source. You can download it from 7- zip.
It is also cost- free and open source and works very well. I used it to pack my Virtual Machine, so the download is only one file, which is a bit smaller than the original files. The Book. Art. VMI prepared a special treat for you: A virtual machine (which is some kind of 'simulated computer'), which contains everything necessary to use the Book.
Art. Generator script and to make book art. You can download it from here . The Virtual Machine contains the Linux operating system Debian 7 with the basic desktop environment Xfce.
It is preconfigured to make making book folding art easy. It has only the really necessary software in it: A web browser, a text editor, a simple graphics program and the script, which can be started directly from the desktop. You will have to login as the user 'bookartist' with the password 'test'. If you ever need to install further software or want to create shared folders with your own operating system, you need the root password, which is also 'test'.
How to proceed. When you have downloaded and installed Virtual. Box and 7zip and downloaded the Book.
Art. VM (about 5. Mb - it's a whole little computer inside!), you can use 7zip to extract the Book. Art. VM file into a new folder. Then, open Virtual. Box and click on File . Choose the OVF file you have just extracted with . It will then be imported, this can take a while.
If you have to, adjust the settings vor the Virtual. Machine. Especially, if your computer has less RAM than 3 GB, you should reduce the RAM you want to give to the Virtual. Machine to less than a third of your actual RAM. Start the Book. Art. VM by selecting it and pressing on the green dart labelled start.
Log in as 'bookartist', the password is 'test'. The current Book.
Art. VM version released on 1. March 2. 01. 4 contains some bug corrections. Be sure to use the most current version! Download pictures, prepare them with the graphics program and put them into the script folder. You can run the script by double- clicking on the heart icon on your virtual machine's desktop. Continue at STEP 3, where you will learn how to choose a good picture. OPTIONAL: Update and install additional software.
It is also a good idea to update the Virtual Machine. You can do so by opening the terminal (click on the little black box in the bottom bar), and then login as administrator: su.
Computer Programming. Why Programming? You may already have used software, perhaps for word processing or. Perhaps now you are curious to learn. A program is a set. The computer is only a. If you learn how to write simple programs, you will gain more. Many. people find great personal satisfaction in creating a set of instructions.
Even if you decide that programming is not for you, understanding. There is not, however, just. In this chapter you will learn. You. may even discover that you might want to become a programmer. Programming proficiency takes practice and training beyond. However, you will become acquainted with how.
That is, the programmer prepares the. The programmer also writes a report on the. These activities are all done for the purpose of helping a user fill a. If you were a programmer, you might also have. You meet with users from the client organization to analyze. Eventually, you produce a written agreement that.
This is not a simple process. Essentially, a flowchart. It is a map of what your. The American. National Standards Institute (ANSI) has developed a standard set of flowchart. Figure 1 shows the symbols and how they might be used. However, pseudocode is not executable on the. We will illustrate these later in this chapter, when we focus on.
You will translate the. As we have already noted, a programming language. There are many programming languages: BASIC. COBOL, Pascal, FORTRAN, and C are some examples. You may find. yourself working with one or more of these.
We will discuss the different. To get your program. Of course, using the language correctly is no guarantee.
English means you know what you are talking about. The. point is that correct use of the language is the required first step. Then your. coded program must be keyed, probably using a terminal or personal computer. However, as a beginner, you will probably want to write. In fact, they assert that there are mathematical ways to prove. However, the imperfections of the world are still.
This is a bit discouraging at first. Still, there are many opportunities to introduce. This step involves these phases. Desk- checking. This phase, similar to proofreading, is sometimes. However, with. careful desk- checking you may discover several errors and possibly save.
In desk- checking you simply sit down and. Many organizations take this phase a. A translator is a program that (1) checks the syntax of.
These types. of mistakes are called syntax errors. The translator produces descriptive. For instance, if in FORTRAN you mistakenly write. N=2 *(I+J))- which has two closing parentheses instead of one- you. A compiler. translates your entire program at one time. The. translation involves your original program, called a source module.
Prewritten. programs from a system library may be added during the link/load. The load module can then be. A term used extensively in programming, debugging means.
These bugs are logic errors, such as telling a computer to. In this. phase you run the program using test data that you devise. You must. plan the test data carefully to make sure you test every part of the.
Documentation is a written detailed description of the. Typical program. documentation materials include the origin and nature of the problem, a. Comments in the program itself are also considered an essential. Many programmers document as they code.
In a. broader sense, program documentation can be part of the documentation. Documentation is needed to supplement. Also, documentation. And, since turnover is high in the computer industry.
Before you join their ranks, consider the advantages of. In fact, surveys of computer professionals, especially. There are. several reasons for this contentment. One is the challenge- most jobs in. Another is security, since established. And that work pays. The. computer industry has historically been a rewarding place for women and.
And, finally, the industry holds endless fascination since it is. The requirements. Beyond that, the person most likely to land a job and.
These are also the qualities that can be observed by. Promotions are sometimes tied to. M. B. A. The Bureau of.
Labor Statistics shows, through the year 2. In the chapter. Before we turn to specific. We will consider. They are numbered 1 through 5 to correspond. In terms of ease of use and capabilities, each. The five generations of.
Machine language. Assembly languages. High- level languages. Very high- level languages. Natural languages. But, strictly speaking, numbers are what machine language is.
This. lowest level of language, machine language, represents data and program. Os- binary digits corresponding to the on and off. In the early days of computing, programmers had. Primitive by today's standards, the programs were. The computer industry quickly. At the time. they were developed, however, they were considered a great leap forward. Although these codes are not English words, they are still- .
Os. and 1s) alone. Furthermore, assembly languages permit the use of names- .
RATE or TOTAL- for memory locations instead of actual. A translator. is needed because machine language is the only language the computer. The translator is an assembler program, also.
It takes the programs written in assembly language. Programmers need not. The translation is taken care of by the assembler. A key disadvantage is that assembly language is. This drawback is apparent in the program in Figure 2. Programs were written in an English- like manner, thus making them. As a result, a programmer could accomplish more.
During that time. There are many compilers for each language. Since the machine language generated.
COBOL compiler, for instance, is not the. COBOL compiler for each type of computer on which COBOL programs. Keep in mind, however, that even though a given program. COBOL version- can be essentially. Many languages, however, are. In the. past the majority of programming applications were written in BASIC. FORTRAN, or COBOL- all general- purpose languages.
In addition to. these three, another popular high- level language is C, which we will discuss. There is no. consensus about what constitutes a fourth- generation language.
The 4. GLs are. essentially shorthand programming languages. An operation that requires. COBOL typically. requires only five to ten lines in a 4. GL. However, beyond the basic criterion. GLs are difficult to describe.
The first is that. The first three generations of languages are. In a nonprocedural language, the concept changes. Here. users define only what they want the computer to do; the user does not.
Obviously, it is a lot easier. This leads. us to the issue of productivity, a key characteristic of fourth- generation. Most experts say the average. In addition, each new customer must start on a new.
A 4. GL request looks something like this. TABLE FILE SALES.
SUM UNITS BY MONTH BY CUSTOMER BY PRODUCT. ON CUSTOMER SUBTOTAL PAGE BREAK. Even though some training is required to do even this much, you can see. The third- generation language COBOL, however. If we. define productivity as producing equivalent results in less time, then. What is more, since many 4. GLs are easy to. use, they attract a large number of new users, who may then overcrowd.
One of the main criticisms is that the new languages. A common perception of 4. GLs is that they. These 4. GL languages are being. Query Languages. A variation on fourth- generation languages are query languages, which. Data is usually added. A user can learn a query.
A. standardized query language, which can be used with several different. Structured Query Language, popularly.
SQL. Other popular query languages are Query- by- Example. QBE, and Intellect. Fifth- generation languages are, as you may guess. They are most. often called natural languages because of their resemblance to the .
And, to the manager new to computers for. Instead. of being forced to key correct commands and data names in correct order. The natural language. If it is not sure what the user has in mind, it.
The use of a natural language to access a. But some natural languages can. Users can relax the structure of their requests and.
Natural languages. Indeed, the most common application for. For. example, a business program that handles large files may be best written.
COBOL. Not all languages. You. will also see output produced by each program. Each program is designed. Since all programs perform the. We do not expect you to understand these programs; they are. Figure 4 presents the flowchart.
As we discuss. each language, we will provide a program for averaging numbers that follows. FORTRAN is a scientifically. This language is very good at serving its. Although in the past it was. Organization varies.
In many languages (such as COBOL), programs. FORTRAN programs are not. FORTRAN. programs together); a FORTRAN program consists of statements one.
Different types of data are identified as the data is used. Figure 5 shows a FORTRAN program. Department of Defense in particular was interested in creating such.
These. representatives formed CODASYL- COnference of DAta SYstem Languages. The American National Standards Institute first standardized. COBOL in 1. 96. 8 and, in 1. ANSI- COBOL. After more than seven controversial years of.
COBOL 8. 5 was approved, making. COBOL a more usable modern- day software tool. The principal benefit of.
COBOL is relatively machine independent- . COBOL compiler has.
A noteworthy feature. COBOL is that it is English- like- far more so than FORTRAN or. BASIC. The variable names are set up in such a way that, even if you know. For example. IF SALES- AMOUNT IS GREATER THAN SALES- QUOTA. COMPUTE COMMISSION = MAX- RATE * SALES- AMOUNT. COMPUTE COMMISSION = MIN- RATE * SALES- AMOUNT. COBOL can be used for just about any.
However, the feature that makes. COBOL so useful- its English- like appearance and easy readability- is. COBOL program can be incredibly verbose.
A. programmer seldom knocks out a quick COBOL program. In fact, there is. COBOL program; there are just too many. For speed and. simplicity, BASIC, FORTRAN, and Pascal are probably better bets.